A Survey on Interpretable Cross-modal Reasoning

In recent years, cross-modal reasoning (CMR), the process of understanding and reasoning across different modalities, has emerged as a pivotal area with applications spanning from multimedia analysis to healthcare diagnostics. As the deployment of AI systems becomes more ubiquitous, the demand for transparency and comprehensibility in these systems' decision-making processes has intensified. This survey delves into the realm of interpretable cross-modal reasoning (I-CMR), where the objective is not only to achieve high predictive performance but also to provide human-understandable explanations for the results. This survey presents a comprehensive overview of the typical methods with a three-level taxonomy for I-CMR. Furthermore, this survey reviews the existing CMR datasets with annotations for explanations. Finally, this survey summarizes the challenges for I-CMR and discusses potential future directions. In conclusion, this survey aims to catalyze the progress of this emerging research area by providing researchers with a panoramic and comprehensive perspective, illuminating the state of the art and discerning the opportunities

Associations of pre-hospital statin treatment with in-hospital outcomes and severity of coronary artery disease in patients with first acute coronary syndrome-findings from the CCC-ACS project

BackgroundThe current burden of dyslipidemia, the pre-hospital application of statins and the association of pre-hospital statins with the severity of coronary artery disease (CAD) and in-hospital outcomes in Chinese patients with first acute coronary syndrome (ACS) are very significant and remain unclear.MethodsA total of 41,183 patients who underwent coronary angiography and were diagnosed with ACS for the first time from a nationwide registry study (CCC-ACS) were enrolled. The severity of CAD was assessed using the CAD prognostic index (CADPI). The patients were classified into statin and non-statin groups according to their pre-hospital statin treatment status. Clinical characteristics, CADPI and in-hospital outcomes were compared, and a logistic regression analysis was performed to determine whether pre-hospital statin therapy is associated with in-hospital outcomes and CADPI. A sensitivity analysis was used to further explore the issues above.ResultsThe non-statin group had more in-hospital all-cause deaths (1.2 vs. 0.8%, P = 0.010). However, no association exists between statin pretreatment and in-hospital major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) or all-cause deaths in the entire population and subgroups (all P > 0.05). Surprisingly, statin pretreatment was associated with an 8.9% higher risk of severely obstructive CAD (CADPI ≥ 37) (OR, 1.089; 95% CI, 1.010–1.175, P = 0.028), and similar results were observed in subgroups of females, those aged 50 to 75 years, and patients with hypertension.ConclusionStatin pretreatment was not related to MACEs or all-cause death during hospital stay, but it was associated with a higher risk of increased angiographic severity in patients with first ACS

Long-term antiplatelet therapy in medically managed non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes: The EPICOR Asia study

OBJECTIVES: To describe long-term antithrombotic management patterns (AMPs) in medically managed Asian patients with non-ST-segment myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) or unstable angina (UA). BACKGROUND: Current guidelines support an early invasive strategy in NSTEMI and UA patients, but many are medically managed, and data are limited on long-term AMPs in Asia. METHODS: Data were analyzed from medically managed NSTEMI and UA patients included in the prospective, observational EPICOR Asia study (NCT01361386). Survivors to hospital discharge were enrolled (June 2011 to May 2012) from 8 countries/regions across Asia. Baseline characteristics and AMP use up to 2 years post-discharge were collected. Outcomes were major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE: myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, and death) and bleeding. RESULTS: Among 2289 medically managed patients, dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) use at discharge was greater in NSTEMI than in UA patients (81.8% vs 65.3%), and was significantly associated with male sex, positive cardiac markers, and prior cardiovascular medications (p < 0.0001). By 2 years, 57.9% and 42.6% of NSTEMI and UA patients, respectively, were on DAPT. On multivariable Cox regression analysis, risk of MACE at 2 years was most significantly associated with older age (HR [95% CI] 1.85 [1.36, 2.50]), diagnosis of NSTEMI vs UA (1.96 [1.47, 2.61]), and chronic renal failure (2.14 [1.34, 3.41]), all p ≤ 0.001. Risk of bleeding was most significantly associated with region (East Asia vs Southeast/South Asia) and diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: Approximately half of all patients were on DAPT at 2 years. MACE were more frequent in NSTEMI than UA patients during follow-up

Omecamtiv mecarbil in chronic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, GALACTIC‐HF: baseline characteristics and comparison with contemporary clinical trials

Aims: The safety and efficacy of the novel selective cardiac myosin activator, omecamtiv mecarbil, in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is tested in the Global Approach to Lowering Adverse Cardiac outcomes Through Improving Contractility in Heart Failure (GALACTIC‐HF) trial. Here we describe the baseline characteristics of participants in GALACTIC‐HF and how these compare with other contemporary trials. Methods and Results: Adults with established HFrEF, New York Heart Association functional class (NYHA) ≥ II, EF ≤35%, elevated natriuretic peptides and either current hospitalization for HF or history of hospitalization/ emergency department visit for HF within a year were randomized to either placebo or omecamtiv mecarbil (pharmacokinetic‐guided dosing: 25, 37.5 or 50 mg bid). 8256 patients [male (79%), non‐white (22%), mean age 65 years] were enrolled with a mean EF 27%, ischemic etiology in 54%, NYHA II 53% and III/IV 47%, and median NT‐proBNP 1971 pg/mL. HF therapies at baseline were among the most effectively employed in contemporary HF trials. GALACTIC‐HF randomized patients representative of recent HF registries and trials with substantial numbers of patients also having characteristics understudied in previous trials including more from North America (n = 1386), enrolled as inpatients (n = 2084), systolic blood pressure &lt; 100 mmHg (n = 1127), estimated glomerular filtration rate &lt; 30 mL/min/1.73 m2 (n = 528), and treated with sacubitril‐valsartan at baseline (n = 1594). Conclusions: GALACTIC‐HF enrolled a well‐treated, high‐risk population from both inpatient and outpatient settings, which will provide a definitive evaluation of the efficacy and safety of this novel therapy, as well as informing its potential future implementation

Analyse 4D du bassin intra-continental du Hefei en corrélation ave l'évolution voisine de l'orogène du Dabie (Chine de l'Est)

Le bassin de Hefei est un bassin continental situé au nord des montagnes du Dabie (Chine de l'Est). Les montagnes du Dabie sont une source majeure des sédiments accumulés dans le bassin de Hefei, du Jurassique inférieur au Quatemaire. Dans cette thèse, nous avons étudié la corrélation entre le développement structural du bassin de Hefei et l'évolution tardi et post orogénique de la chaîne de montagnes du Dabie avoisinante ainsi que de l'activité de la faille de Tanlu. Dans le bassin de Hefei, nous procédons à une analyse 4D. Les données comprennent quatorze lignes sismiques 2D, dix-neuf forages, des cartes gravimétriques et des données de terrain. Dans un premier temps, nous avons analysé et quantifié les géométries actuelles du bassin en utilisant le logiciel Kingdom Suite. Dans un second temps, nous avons restauré les profils jusqu'au Jurassique grâce au logiciel 2D Move. Une analyse quantitative du rejet des failles et une reconstruction 4D du bassin indiquent que le bassin de Hefei est divisé en deux régions : une région Nord où la déformation est faible et la pile sédimentaire atteint 2000 m d'épaisseur et une région Sud où les déformations sont nombreuses et la pile sédimentaire dépasse les 8000 m d'épaisseur. La limite entre ces deux zones correspond à la faille de Feizhong, d'orientation W-E et à pendage Sud. Deux autres failles orientée W-E et à pendage Sud se trouvent dans la zone Sud. Il s'agit des failles de Shushan et de Feixi. Ces trois failles créent une géométrie en blocs basculés. Les demi-grabens limités par les failles ont permis des accumulations importantes de sédiments. Une analyse en back-stripping et une étude de l'enfouissement des sédiments ont apporté des informations sur l'activité des failles et une analyse quantitative des rejets à chaque étape de formation du bassin. Tout d'abord, au jurassique inférieur (203-175 Ma) jusque 1000 m de sédiments sont déposés dans la partie Sud du bassin avec un taux de subsidence de 8 m/Ma. Ensuite, au Jurassique moyen et supérieur (175-135 Ma) le bassin de Hefei se développe vers le Nord, le taux de subsidence atteint 28 m/Ma dans la partie Sud, et 1000 à 5000 m de sédiments sont déposés.Dans la partie Ouest du bassin, les trois failles principales ont un rejet normal (de 400 à 1000 m) tandis que dans la partie Est, les failles de Shushan et Feixi présentent un jeu inverse (de plus de 2000 m). Ceci peut être corrélé avec la compression continue enregistrée dans les Montagnes du Dabie jusqu'à la fin du Jurassique. Une accumulation importante de sédiments jurassiques dans le bassin concorde avec les hauts taux d'exhumation des Montagnes du Dabie. Au Crétacé inférieur (135-96 Ma), le centre de dépôt sédimentaire du bassin migre vers le NE, le long de la faille de Tanlu, qui marque la limite Est du bassin. Les failles de Feizhong, Shushan et Feixi ont un jeu syn-sédimentaire. Dans les Montagnes du Dabie, la transition compression-extension a lieu vers 135 Ma, et l'orogène entre dans une phase de doming . Du volcanisme et la mise en place de plutons granitique accompagnent cette extension liée à la subduction de la plaque Pacifique à l'Est. L'influence de la faille de Tanlu sur le développement du bassin de Hefei augmente durant le Crétacé. Les sédiments du Crétacé supérieur (96-65.5 Ma) ne sont déposés que dans la partie NE du bassin, le long de la faille de Tanlu, avec un taux de subsidence de 4 m/Ma. L'étape suivante dans l'évolution du bassin de Hefei, à l'Eocene (53-33.7 Ma) est marquée par une nouvelle extension. Les failles de Feizhong et Feixi ont un jeu syn-sèdimentaire permettant une accumulation de sédiments atteignant 2500 m. Le taux de subsidence est de 12 m/Ma dans la partie Sud du bassin. Cette extension est associée à la collision Inde-Asie à l'Ouest. Au Néogène (23.5-0 Ma) les sédiments sont déposés dans la partie Ouest du bassin et couvrent les failles majeures. L'étude du bassin de Hefei permet une meilleure compréhension de l'évolution tardi et post-orogénique des Montagnes du Dabie voisines. Une bonne corrélation existe entre la chaine de montagnes et le bassin sédimentaire connexe. Dans l'optique d'une recherche de pétrole ou de gaz, ces corrélations entre chaîne orogénique et bassin (source potentielle) sont extrêmement importantes.LILLE1-BU (590092102) / SudocSudocFranceF

Correlations Between Erosions and Relative Uplifts From the Central Inversion Zone of the Xihu Depression, East China Sea Basin

Late Pliocene - early Pleistocene erosions and relative uplifts in the central inversion zone of the Xihu Depression, East China Sea Basin, are independently determined from reflection seismic data and sonic well-logging data, respectively. Relative uplifts estimated from linear least-square models of 26 sonic wells range from 0.0 to 501.3 m, while absolute erosions estimated on their respective well localities are generally larger, in the range of ~50.0 to 1147.5 m measured directly from seismic data, and ~70.0 to 1700.4 m after decompaction. Although discrepancies exist for several of the wells, a strong positive correlation can be found between erosions and relative uplifts. This good correlation verifies on the one hand that sonic well-logging data can give reasonably good estimates of relative uplifts, and on the other hand that erosions incurred during the basin inversion are strongly tectonically driven. Erosions and relative uplifts appear to be more exponentially than linearly interrelated